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Showing posts from March, 2017

Understanding Milk Quality: Composition, Testing, and Safety

Milk is one of the most nutritious foods consumed worldwide, but its quality depends on several key components and proper handling. For farmers, processors, and consumers alike, understanding what makes up milk and how its quality is tested is essential. The Major Components of Milk Milk is made up of different nutrients that determine both its nutritional and physico-chemical quality: Water (87.3%) —The largest component, essential for hydration and volume. Fats (3.7%) —Provide energy and contribute to the creamy taste and texture. Proteins (3.2%) —Casein and whey proteins are vital for growth and body repair. Sugar (4.8%) —mainly lactose, which gives milk its natural sweetness and energy value. Trace Components —Minerals, vitamins, and enzymes present in small amounts but critical for nutrition. How Milk Quality is Tested Once milk arrives at collection centers or processing plants, several tests are performed to ensure safety and quality: Organoleptic Test Experie...

Common Fungal Infections in Dogs: Symptoms, Risks, and Treatment

Fungi are widespread in the environment, and many spread through airborne spores . These spores can enter the body through the respiratory tract or the skin , leading to infections in dogs. Fungal infections may affect only the skin or mucous membranes, but in severe cases, they can spread to multiple organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain. While maintaining good hygiene is essential, treatment often requires the use of specific antifungal drugs . These infections can usually be controlled, but complete cures are often difficult. Below are some of the most common fungal diseases in dogs.